Effect of monosodium glutamate additive on the performance of dialysis membrane

A novel dialysis membrane with monosodium glutamate (MSG) as an additive has been fabricated and its performance evaluated in terms of urea clearance. Nine formulations of casting solutions had been designed with 20% cellulose acetate, and different ratio of formic acid/MSG. The result shows that MSG based membrane with the 6 wt% of MSG, achieved the best urea clearance, 53.20%. SEM images illustrated that the increment of MSG in casting solution tend to promote macrovoids formation and finally transit to finger like structure. However, when the amount of MSG is further increased beyond 6 wt%, the urea clearance reduced and the macrovoids structure disappeared. Thus, enlarged finger like structure favors the dialysis process

Determination of effective diffusion coefficient of immobilized Baker's yeast invertase in various concentration of PVA-alginate matrix

Baker's yeast invertase is immobilized in PVA-alginate matrix using an improved method. PVA beads were prepared by adding calcium alginate to improve its stability, mechanical and chemical properties. Boric acid was used as the cross-linking agent and additional chemicals consisting of 10% boric acid and sodium sulphate solution was used as a treatment solution to harden the PVA-alginate beads. The determination of the effective diffusion of PVA-alginate matrix the vital step in optimizing the preparation of immobilized and water-soluble biocatalyst. In this study the two-level full factorial design was used to investigate the effect of PVA and boric acid concentrations and diffusions coefficient. Diffusion coefficient (De) is one of the factors that significantly affect the mass transport within the immobilization matrix. De value varies for each concentration of PVA and boric acid. The result concluded that both factors significantly affect the De. A maximum De value of 5.0141 x 10(-5) cm2s-1 was obtained at boric acid and PVA concentraion of 7w/v and 10.5 w/v respectively

High performance blended membranes using a novel preparation technique

The possibility of applying novel microwave (MW) technique in the dissolution of polyethersulfone (PES) and lithium halides in aprotic solvent is studied. The lithium halides additives used are lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium bromide (LiBr) and lithium chloride (LiCl) and a comparison is made with conventional method. PES was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) in the single solvent whilst for the double solvent (DS); PES was dissolved in a mixture of two different solvents DMF and acetone. The concentrations of lithium halide in both solvents were varied from 1 to 5 wt%. In order to illuminate the mechanism through which lithium halide influences the kinetic membrane performance in both techniques, rheological, FTIR, contact angle and water uptake analysis were performed. The performances of the membranes were evaluated in terms of pure water permeation (PWP), permeation rate (PR) and separation rates of various polyethylene glycols. Result revealed that the hollow fiber MW membrane with the 3 wt% LiBr additive exhibits both high permeation rates of 222.16 Lm-2hr-1 and separation rates of 99% and molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 2.6 kDa. In general, the MW membranes exhibited higher permeation and separation rates compared to conventional electrothermal heating (CEH) membranes. The FTIR, contact angle and water uptake measurement revealed that the LiCl and LiBr have enhanced the hydrophilic properties of the PES membranes thus producing membrane with high permeation and separation rates

Response surface methodology approach to study the influence of PEG and water in cellulose acetate dialysis membranes

Flat sheet asymmetric dialysis membranes were fabricated using phase inversion method from polymer solution consisting of cellulose acetate, acetic acid, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and distilled water. The effect of acetic acid/PEG ratio and the distilled water content in the dialysis membrane were being investigated with respect to the urea clearance performance. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiments and analysed the results obtained. The analysis revealed that the significant factor that affects the cellulose acetate dialysis membrane performance in terms of urea clearance is the ratio of acetic acid/PEG. Dialysis membrane with higher ratio of acetic acid/PEG gives higher urea clearance percentage due to the formation of finger like macrovoids. The relation between the urea clearance and the ratio of acetic acid/PEG in the given range of 4 – 14, was a quadratic model and the mathematical model suggested could adequately describe the performance indicators within the limits mentioned

Preliminary study on enzymatic hydrolysis of treated oil palm (Elaeis) empty fruit bunches fibre (EFB) by using combination of cellulase and ß1-4 glucosidase

Preliminary study on enzymatic hydrolysis process using combination of cellulase and ß 1-4 glucosidase on treated oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre (EFB) was performed. Crucial trends for parameters such as pH, temperature and substrate loading influencing the enzymatic hydrolysis of the treated EFB fibre were also studied. Results revealed that a combination of both cellulase and ß 1-4 glucosidase with the ratio of 5:1 hydrolyzed more cellulose from treated EFB fibre and gave highest soluble glucose concentration up to 4 g L-1. The results indicated that as pH and temperature were increased the glucose produced also increased until pH 4.8 and 50 °C; beyond these values the reverse occurred. Glucose produced in the reaction increased with the increment in the substrate loading and maximum glucose concentration (2.7 g L-1) was achieved when 8% (wv-1) treated EFB was used as a substrate

Effect of PAO-based γ-Fe2O3 and surfactant concentration on viscosity characteristic

This is a preliminary study on the viscosity characteristics of polyalphaolefin (PAO)- based γ-Fe2O3 under zero magnetic fields. By varying the concentration of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), PAO-based γ-Fe2O3 with different concentrations were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The effect of this factor on the viscosity characteristic of γ-Fe2O3 (< 30 nm) was investigated on the basic of a series of rheological measurement. The use of oleic acid (OA) as a coating agent and surfactant was also investigated by varying its concentration. The results show the concentration of MNPs and the amount of OA has obvious effect on viscosity characteristics of PAO-based γ-Fe2O3. In the case of comparison between the concentrations of MNPs, higher concentration of MNPs increased the viscosity of the PAO-based γ-Fe2O3 and exhibit nearly Newtonian behavior. The large amount of OA also exhibits the increment on viscosity characteristic of MNPs. The experimental data were compared with the Bingham and Casson model and the results revealed that the rheology of the polyalphaolefin (PAO)-based γ-Fe2O3 fitted the Casson model better

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN NELAYAN PANCING ULUR (HAND LINE) DI DESA SALUBOMBA KECAMATAN BANAWA KABUPATEN DONGGALA

Pancing ulur merupakan salah satu jenis alat penangkap ikan yang sering digunakan oleh nelayan tradisional untuk menangkap ikan di laut. Pancing ulur (hand line) adalah alat penangkap ikan jenis pancing yang paling sederhana. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah Untuk mengetahui jenis ikan hasil tangkapan serta untuk mengetahui pendapatan nelayan di Desa Salubomba Kecamatan Banawa Tengah Kabupaten Donggala, sedangkan Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi masukan bagi Pemerintah dan pihak lain, untuk menambah ilmu pengetahuan yang berhubungan dengan tingkat pendapatan nelayan, Sebagai bahan acuan bagi peneliti selanjutnya dan bagi penulis untuk menambah wawasan terutama yang berhubungan dengan hasil pendapatan nelayan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian bahwa secara teknis ditujukan bahwa usaha penangkapan ikan menggunakan alat tangkap pancing ulur ditinjau dari segi kegiatan waktu operasi dan persiapan penangkapan, daerah penangkapan, metode pengoperasian serta jenis ikan yang tertangkap. Adapun Jenis - jenis ikan yang dominan di daratkan di Desa Salubomba adalah ikan kuwe (Charanx sp), kakap (Lutjanus sp), lencam (Lethrinus sp), kerapu (Epinephelus sp) dan Baronang (Siganus sp).&nbsp; Produksi yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan alat tangkap pancing ulur rata-rata sebanyak 1.495 Kg/tahun, 149 Kg/bulan dan 7,4 Kg/trip dengan harga penjualan rata-rata Rp 35.000/Kg. Adapun Keuntungan yang diperoleh rata-rata sebesar Rp. 32.746.577/tahun, Rp 3.318.743/bulan dan Rp. 167.226/trip. Secara ekonomis, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa R/C Ratio diperoleh nilai 2,6, dan nilai Payback Periode (PP) sebesar 0,25 per tahun, dengan demikian secara ekonomis usaha penangkapan ikan dengan menggunakan alat tangkap pancing ulur layak untuk dikembangkan

Microwave-induced pyrolysis of waste truck tyres with carbonaceous susceptor for the production of diesel-like fuel

Microwave-induced pyrolysis technique was utilised to pyrolyse waste truck tyres (TT) into useful pyrolysis oil with the aid of activated carbon. The effect of temperature was studied to determine the truck-tyre pyrolysis oil (TTPO) yield, hydrocarbon fractions, chemicals composition, energy yield and fuel properties. The activated carbon functions as microwave absorber to elevate the pyrolysis temperature for enhancing production of pyrolysis oil. The optimal pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C produces highest TTPO yield of 38.12 wt% with calorific value of 42.39 MJkg−1 and energy yield of 40.55 wt%. Detailed analysis shows the TTPO contained large amount of aromatic hydrocarbons and limonene (14.29%) compared to pyrolysis oil from personal car tyre. Among the important chemical compounds also discovered in TTPO are benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX). The relative yields of toluene obtained at 400 °C is 14.85%, whereas the relative yields of benzene and xylene at 450 °C were 0.85 and 7.60%, respectively. The physiochemical properties of TTPO500 are rather similar to conventional diesel, except the slightly lower flash point and calorific value for the former. This work shows that microwave-induced pyrolysis is a promising technique to recover diesel-like fuel for use as supplemental alternative fuel

Optimization studies of microwave-induced co-pyrolysis of empty fruit bunches/waste truck tire using response surface methodology

The central composite design of RSM was utilised for the optimization of experimental conditions of microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and waste truck-tire (TT) to maximise the co-pyrolysis oil and energy yield. The predicted maximum co-pyrolysis oil of 40.0 wt% and energy yield of 59.0% were obtained at the optimum conditions of 505 °C pyrolysis temperature, 65.0% of EFB ratio and 60.0 g of activated carbon loading. The reaction temperature and TT ratio in EFB feedstock were identified as the most significant variables that affect the oil and energy yield. A design of experiment was performed to determine the quality of liquid oil. The result indicates the co-pyrolysis oil (PO65) properties were significantly improved after adding TT to EFB biomass. Olefin-rich pyrolytic oil (39.0%) with high selectivity of D-limonene was produced (28.6%). While, the oxygenates and polyaromatics hydrocarbon were reduced to 9.9% and 7.4%, respectively. The energy recovery analysis shows that the optimised co-pyrolysis oil (PO65) was 20.0% higher as compared to the TT alone. In view of the improved yield and quality of co-pyrolysis oil (PO65), this work shows that co-pyrolysis of EFB/TT presents a viable method to produce diesel-like fuel using the microwave-assisted heating method